Minnesota saw a 58% decline in the moose population in the northeastern state between 2006 and 2017. A primary driver of the slide is brain worm, a parasite that affects the animal’s nervous system, ultimately leading to paralysis and death. Researchers from the University of Minnesota and the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa recently discovered evidence that moose in Minnesota consume species of gastropods —slugs and snails—which are known hosts for the brain worm parasite (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis). Although consumption of gastropods has long been considered the mode by which moose become infected with brain worms, this is the first study to document this interaction in a natural setting empirically.
In the recently published study in the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Tiffany Wolf, a professor in the College of Veterinary Medicine, and Seth Moore, director of biology and environment for the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, they have analyzed 258 fecal samples collected on and around Grand Portage tribal lands from moose and deer to detect their consumption of gastropods. The team identified moose consumption of three species of gastropods. Of those three, one is a well-documented host for brain worms, while the other two have not been adequately investigated for their ability to host the parasite.
“Because this work is done in partnership with the Grand Portage Band, for whom moose are an important subsistence species and source of cultural preservation, a primary motivation of our research is maintaining healthy moose populations on and near the Grand Portage Indian Reservation,” said Tyler Garwood, a researcher in the College of Veterinary Medicine who was part of the study. “More broadly, moose are an iconic species for our state and fill an important ecological niche as the largest herbivore in the Northwoods ecosystem.”
Forest and wildlife managers can use Insight into which gastropod species moose are eating, the ability of those species to transmit disease, and their ecology to design habitat modifications or other interventions that reduce the density of those species in areas commonly used by moose. Although such actions alone may not prevent the local extinction of moose, it would give managers another tool in a currently limited toolbox to understand P. tenuis transmission, along with a new framework for designing effective interventions to mitigate and manage disease spread.
“The Grand Portage Band of Chippewa has been leading extensive efforts to restore moose in Minnesota for nearly 18 years to support the vital lifeways of the Anishinaabe,” said Moore. “The overall goal is to conduct population-level applied research and restoration so that the great-grandchildren of our children, seven generations from now, will continue to use our natural resources as our great-grandparents were able to do. We incorporate Traditional Ecological Knowledge and modern science to steward our natural resources best.”
Gastropod-borne diseases are a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide but are rarely understood. The techniques presented in this paper offer the potential to understand a variety of gastropod-borne diseases better, clearly identify the mechanism by which moose become infected with brain worms, and allow for applications in forest management that may reduce the transmission risk of brain worms to moose.
Funding for the research was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by Minnesota Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), the Van Sloun Foundation, the University of Minnesota Genomics Center, the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, startup funds awarded to PAL, the University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, and generous private donations.
